A Practical Solution For A Growing Crisis - 976 Words

Vaping: A Practical Solution to a Growing Crisis? Vaping is probably one of the fastest growing trends/smoking alternatives in society today. Utilizing what is known as an electronic cigarette the user vaporizes by means of applying heat to a nicotine containing solution known as E-liquid. This creates a vapor that is then inhaled by the user thus administering nicotine into the lungs to be absorbed by the blood. This system avoids the combustion related to smoking tobacco products and in theory is much safer and better for your health. Considering that smoking causes the premature death of 440,000 people each year and costs the United States approximately one hundred fifty seven billion dollars in annual health-related losses according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We need to seriously consider this as a viable option to save lives and help our economy. Introduced in 2007 to the United States market electronic cigarettes have become a popular source of nicotine for many addicted individuals (Barrios, Orellana, Payne D, Mulkey K, and Nugent K). These devices primarily consist of a power source (typically one or two batteries), a coil (a piece of wire wrapped a number of times around a cylindrical object), a piece of wicking material (usually cotton or piece of silica to deliver juice to the coils), a mouthpiece (for delivery of the vapor to the lung), a body (usually metal or wood to house the components), and a button (to activate the device).Show MoreRelatedOverpopulation Crisis1246 Words   |  5 Pagesoverpopulation crisis, however, with changes these factors could also be part of the solution. A few of these factors are discussed in an interview with Melanie Asriel, the Psychological Sciences Instructor at WKU of Glasgow, Kentucky. According to Melanie Asriel, â€Å"The lack of family planning and contraceptive use has contributed to this problem†¦contraception, education, and the including of available abortion†¦all kind s of education, such as, sex education, contraceptive education†¦ would be my solution toRead MoreThe Problem Of The Overpopulation Problem1122 Words   |  5 PagesPerhaps one solution for the overpopulation problem is to provide all children, who have reached puberty with Reproductive Education License of Four (REL4). REL4 is a two-step solution program that will provide education and contraception, which will decrease the population growth. Jennifer Weeks (2015) article, â€Å"Global Population Growth,† discusses the number of women without access to birth control. Research conducted by a nonprofit organization showed nearly 225 million women globally, includingRead MoreSoybean Hydroponics in the Arctic Tundra1219 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Soybean Hydroponics in the Arctic Tundra Abstract: Soybeans will be grown hydroponically in the arctic tundra. Greenhouses will be used to extend the possible growing season. Soybeans can serve two good purposes. They can be used as food or as a way to make biofuel. This is great for the arctic environment where it is difficult to get supplies such as food and gasoline. With a steady supply of food and fuel more research can be done in this harsh environment. TheRead MoreThe Impact Of Terrorism On International Business1268 Words   |  6 PagesOur paper explores the interesting phenomena of terrorism on international business. Grounded in the grave reality of terrorism and the international business literature, our research conceptualizes this compelling topic into a practical model worthy of future research. Unfortunately, the current data does not provide statistical evidence to support the unique firm level predictions from the conceptual model. However, our exploratory research leads us to believe that the lack of sen sitivity in ourRead MoreThe Problems Of The World s Population1606 Words   |  7 Pagesalso been responsible for the innovative solutions we’ve created to solve it. For example, genetic engineering has been used as a tool to produce strains that require less nutrients, water and pesticides to grow. These strains also produce bigger yields on less land, and contain a higher nutrient density themselves. In addition, advanced growing techniques like vertical farming in controlled environments can create more food safety and security for growing metropolitan populations. In other wordsRead MoreTo What Extent Can the Problems of Urbanization be Met by a Policy of Sustainable Development1331 Words   |  6 Pagesformulating a more efficient transport pattern, there are some specific strategies. Firstly, government can encourage people to pay more attention to public transit. The actual data about transit use from most cities indicates that transit use is growing in many cities , in addition, some developed cities have been reducing their car use and pay more attention to the public transport (Newman, 1999). Encouraging urban citizens use more public transit is effective in reducing the quantity of privateRead MoreEssay on Hydrogen Fusion is the Future Source of Energy1692 Words   |  7 PagesHydrogen Fusion, the Future Source of Energy Abstract The world is currently in an energy crisis with no end in sight. Many technologies can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and have the possibility of ending the energy crisis. Hydrogen fusion holds great promise with its no pollution energy output. If more energy can be created than is used to start the fusion process, the energy crisis might become a thing of the past. Over half of the energy used now comes from fossil fuels,Read MoreThe Consequences Of Monetary Policy969 Words   |  4 Pagesavailable huge amounts of money available in form of loans; banks were responsible for creating large debts in form of loan interests. People who had borrowed were eventually unable to pay. The creation of private credit and money led to a financial crisis, threatening to make banks bankrupt. The same banks now became weary of lending anymore. Lehman Brothers collapsed in September of 2008. It was a global bank of repute and its fall-down almost brought down the world’s monetary structure. A decadeRead MoreEnvironmental Impact On The Environmental Crisis1675 Words   |  7 Pages1.1.3 Ecological Design: The evident response to the environmental crisis One natural response to the current crisis and the shift in designers’ discourse has been the engagement in Ecological Design, or Eco-design, described by Orr (2002) as a large concept that joins science and the practical arts with ethics, politics, and economics that, requires â€Å"not just a set of generic design skills but rather the collective intelligence of a community of people applied to particular problems in a particularRead MoreWater Is A Long Period Of Abnormal Low Rainfall916 Words   |  4 Pagesthese vegetable and fruit are very highly consume water. â€Å"Drought† is a long period of abnormal low rainfall, especially one that adversely affects growing or living conditions†. In a simple explanation, that drought is an absence of water in a very long period of time in place that are consider to be very abnormal from its usual situation. The water crisis continues primarily because human do not recognize the important of water recycle. American haven’t undergoing hardship that people around the world

Whispered Why Mundane Topics Work as an Essay Secrets

Whispered Why Mundane Topics Work as an Essay Secrets Want to Know More About Why Mundane Topics Work as an Essay? Folks that are unemployed interact mostly with their loved ones and pre-existing friends, which could occasionally be boring. People today work because they require money to call home. You will learn in order to be intriguing individual. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. Each group is liable for using the handout to rate the essay and choose whether to admit this student. In this instance, you're attempting to make yourself memorable to an admissions officer that has been reading thousands of different essays. The essay is where to allow the admissions office of your intended college get to understand your personality, character, and the talents and abilities that aren't on your transcript. I'll also describe how to recognize bad college essays and what things to do to if you wind up creating one by accident. You'll observe a similar structure in several of the essays. To put it differently, the essay should say how you intend to get ready for class. Similarly, these essays can occasionally ramble. These seven sample essays respond to a wide range of thought-provoking questions. Unfortunately, stumbling in the TMI zone of essay topics is more prevalent than you believe. Still, there are several social work essay topics students may write about. You're not alone if you have difficulty selecting college essay topics! Replace a number of the cliched language. It is irrelevant if you teach English online or whether you're a classroom teacher, we wish to understand about your teaching styles. To begin with, you get to acquire a great grade and an abundance of knowledge at school. They can grant you the essay you require, when you want that, which means that your grades keep you and your parents satisfied. You're able to write a very simple essay on the proper age to vote or suitable age to be in a position to purchase alcohol. It is possible to also cite the job on specific individuals or philanthropists, that are working with unique methods than the ones that you proposed. For instance, the body may consist of descriptions, explanations or private stories. If somebody doesn't develop such a quality, it is going to be rather hard for her or for him to communicate with different individuals. The main reason for the start of the feminist movement. It's crucial demonstrate your capacity to be an in depth observer of the Earth, since that will be one of your chief jobs as a college student. Secondly, jobs give us the chance to meet new people on a standard basis, which can provide us with an awareness of happiness. Also, bear in mind that no college is eager to admit a person who is too close-minded to gain from being taught by other people. As most social work students have already volunteered at some point or another, you may use your experience for a way to establish why you could be fit to deal with the issue and the way you're able to implement your plan. That supercharges our work with a number of importance and meaning. It is possible to also examine big reasons for misunderstanding between kids and parents. Again, all the aforementioned topics could be achieved in a masterful way and wind up an attractive essay, but dependent on our experience, the probability of this occurring is less than strong. You will learn how to speak on various topics with distinct folks, and in various manners.

Critical Essay on the Cries free essay sample

Four different sources, places and dates have been chosen from namely: The Cry of Pugad Lawin by Pio Valenzuela on August 23 and 26; The Cry of Bahay Toro by Santiago Alvarez on August 24; The Cry of Kalookan by Gregoria de Jesus on August 23; The Cry of Balintawak by Captain Oglegario Diaz on August 25; The Cry of Balintawak by Guilliermo masangkay on August 26; and lastly, The Cry of Balintawak by Vicente Samson on August 26; while Pasong Tamo was not mentioned again throughout the chapter. The only detail that they all agree about is the year 1896. All 6 different sources present similar ideas in their stories but different dates and places which caused them to oppose each other. Until the National Historical Institute (NHI) discovered Valenzuela’s Memoirs that is parallel to his first statement on the first ‘cry’ which is The Cry of Pugad Lawin. As NHI considered the information found as precise. Around the year of 1963, Pres. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Essay on the Cries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Diosdado Macapagal agreed with the discovery of NHI and declared it as the official ‘cry’ which launched the 1896 Philippine Revolution. While I-Stories considers Valenzuela’s Pugad Lawin version as the most credible for a reason that his memories about the happening was still fresh when he wrote this. I do not agree with Valenzuela because he was not consistent with his stories despite the memoirs of him that was found. Where in later was found out that the place Pugad Lawin itself could not be proven to exist for no other records during the Spanish colonization speaks of it. Also in agreement with the testimonials and comments of different Philippine History book authors such as Pedro A. Gagelonia of the Far Eastern University who pointed out that â€Å"The Cry of Pugad Lawin cannot be accepted as historically accurate because it lacks positive documentation and supporting evidences from the witness. The testimony of only one eye witness is not enough†¦Ã¢â‚¬  along with the statement of John N. Schrumacher, S. J, of the Ateneo de Manila University which is â€Å"I would certainly give much less credence to all accounts coming from Pio Valezuela, and to the interpretations Agoncillo got from him verbally, since Valenzuela gave so many versions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in addition with a part taken from the textual analysis of Dr. Soledad Borromeo-Buehler of the University of the Philippines which says â€Å"The name Pugad Lawin does not appear in contemporary accounts of the revolution, nor in the censuses of 1903, 1918, municipal records of Calookan, nor on pertinent maps of that town† alongside with analysing the different contemporary records and documents from the Spanish colonization period where in she found that these documents were presented or translated to the public in manners such as â€Å"unquoted, misquoted or misrepresented†. The only way out of this prolonged contention is to consider the idea that the â€Å"cry† could have happened in all of those places on the different dates considering that all of those places are generally in Caloocan. Relatively, since each â€Å"cry† happened on different dates and places with the same Katipunan leaders, it is possible that they conducted each cry at each of the different places around Caloocan. A proof that could support my statement is the discovery that Andres Bonifacio was actually a mestizo who was a resident of Tondo but was not enrolled for the head tax among the naturales in Tondo which means that he did not pay taxes which leads to a conclusion that he could not have had a cedula. Not having a cedula immediately leads to persecution by the Spaniards whereas Bonifacio was able to survive which could mean that he was able to produce a fake one. When a cedula was finally found with his name on it, an investigation proved that it is fake. Align with the preceding stretch, It may be assumed that Bonifacio could have had several or even dozens of fake cedulas that he tore up during those numerous â€Å"cries†. In other words, the seven different views about the â€Å"cries† may all be correct since they are all located along the areas of Caloocan, starting with The Cry of Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896 down to The Cry of Balintawak on August 26, 1896. Or rather, there is no choice but to wait for one of them to be proven certain. References Borromeo-Buehler, S. (1998). The cry of balintawak: A contrived controversy.

Self-discrepancy theory free essay sample

Figures may be missing from this format of the document Abstract: Many self-theories presume that discrepancies between the self and goals for the self influence emotional experience. The present research compared how discrepancies from ideal selves, ought selves, and undesired selves predict negative emotions. In particular, the research tested Ogilvies (1987) claim that the undesired self has stronger effects on well-being relative to ideal and ought selves. A total of 231 participants completed several measures of self-discrepancies and negative emotions. Consistent with Ogilvies hypothesis, discrepancies from the undesired self significantly predicted negative emotions, whereas discrepancies from the ideal and ought selves did not. No type of discrepancy, however, predicted negative affect when global selfesteem was entered as a predictor, indicating a lack of incremental validity for self-discrepancies. Article: Many self-theories presume that discrepancies between the self and goals for the self influence emotional experience. The present research compared how discrepancies from ideal selves, ought selves, and undesired selves predict negative emotions. In particular, the research tested Ogilvies (1987) claim that the undesired self has stronger effects on well-being relative to ideal and ought selves. A total of 231 participants completed several measures of self-discrepancies and negative emotions. Consistent with Ogilvies hypothesis, discrepancies from the undesired self significantly predicted negative emotions, whereas discrepancies from the ideal and ought selves did not. No type of discrepancy, however, predicted negative affect when global selfesteem was entered as a predictor, indicating a lack of incremental validity for self-discrepancies. People distinguish between the self as it is and the self as it could be (Markus Nurius, 1986). Representations of possible states of the self function as goals and standards (Carver Scheier, 1998; Duval Wicklund, 1972), so it is important to understand how these self-states influence self-regulation. Several theories have examined how representations of possible selves differ (Carver, 1996; Higgins, 1987; Ogilvie, 1987) and whether these differences influence emotion and action (Leary, 2003; Ogilvie, 1987; Phillips Silvia, 2005). Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987) proposes that discrepancies from ideal and ought selves create negative affect. Ogilvie (1987), in contrast, suggests that the undesired self-an avoidance-based self-goal-has a more powerful influence on emotions relative to ideal and ought selves. The present research examines how these three kinds of possible selves-ideal selves, ought selves, and undesired selves-predict emotional experience. Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987) posits three domains of the self: actual, ideal, and ought. The actual self is the persons representation of who he or she is currently. The ideal self is the representation of who he or she would like to become, such as wishes and aspirations for the self. The ought self is the representation of who a person feels he or she should become, such as duties and obligations for the self. Self-discrepancy theory predicts that discrepancies between the actual and ideal selves cause dejected emotions such as depression and sadness, and that discrepancies between the actual and ought selves cause agitated emotions such as anxiety and tension (Higgins, Klein, Strauman, 1985). Although research has shown that ideal and ought discrepancies predict emotions, it is clear that these effects depend on specific moderating variables (Boldero Francis, 2000; Boldero, Moretti, Bell, Francis, 2005; Higgins, 1999). Two patterns of findings have complicated tests of self-discrepancy theory. First, many studies have found that ideal and ought discrepancies are highly correlated. Phillips and Silvia (2005) found a correlation of . 77 between latent ideal and ought factors. In their latent variable analysis, Gonnerman, Parker, Lavine, and Huff (2000) found that the discrepancy types were too highly correlated to estimate separate ideal and ought factors. Other studies have found correlations around . 70 between ideals and oughts (Ozgul, Heubeck, Ward, Wilkinson, 2003; Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, Barlow, 1998). Based on their multimethod study, Tangney and her colleagues concluded that there was very little unique variance in the quantitative estimates of these concepts (p. 265). Second, many studies have failed to find that ideals and oughts uniquely predict depression and anxiety. In some studies, ideal discrepancies predicted many emotions and ought discrepancies did not. In a structural model of self-processes and emotions (Gramzow, Sedikides, Panter, Insko, 2000), ideal discrepancies predicted both depression and anxiety, but ought discrepancies predicted neither emotion. In a study by Heppen and Ogilvie (2003), ideal discrepancies predicted many positive and negative emotions, but ought discrepancies did not uniquely predict any emotion. Thus, recent research shows that self-discrepancy theorys predictions are most likely to hold in specific situations, such as when self-discrepancies are salient and relevant to the context (see Boldero et al. , 2005; Phillips Silvia, 2005). THE UNDESIRED SELF Ogilvie (1987) proposed an additional self-domain-the undesired self, which appears to play an important role in emotion. The undesired self is a representation of the self at its worst; it thus acts as a central avoidance goal. Ogilvie (1987) predicted that the undesired self should more strongly predict well-being relative to idealized selves.

How to Write a Graph Analysis Sample Essay

How to Write a Graph Analysis Sample EssayThere are a lot of questions that I get from students about how to write a graph analysis sample essay. A graph analysis sample essay is usually a much shorter essay, written by the student, than the one which is due in a college or university. It is very important that when writing a graph analysis essay, the writer clearly lays out the relationship between the factors, their reasons for existing and their consequences.Graph analysis is an analytical study that compares the effectiveness of two variables. As they have different effects on the world economy, the two variables must be analysed separately. The analysis will then provide a clear picture of how these two variables contribute to the economic system.The analytical study can be general or specific to just one region of the world, or one country, or even to a particular industry. Graph analysis is not a science in itself, but a means to analyse data from a single input.The importance of this form of research cannot be stressed enough, especially in times of recession when there are so many people working who are unable to get the salaries and benefits that they are entitled to. Graph analysis can even show the importance of statistics in the financial situation of the country, but most students simply feel it is too complicated to write. Statistics, unlike graphs, have to be written.The basic purpose of a graph analysis sample essay is to help the student avoid some common mistakes when writing a graph. Students must pay careful attention to detail, and the graphs should clearly show the relationships between the two variables.Once the student has a few ideas on what the graphs should look like, he must not just write a few sentences and throw them up on the board, without writing a sample essay. It is absolutely essential that the paper is well thought out and thoroughly researched before a student starts to write the graph analysis. Students who do not write a graph analysis sample essay are unlikely to develop a good graph analysis which is of any value.Graph analysis is one of the most vital parts of student courses in universities, and students who do not understand the significance of graph analysis, or do not know how to write a graph analysis sample essay, are unlikely to have any success in their studies. Graph analysis is a very important part of a student's course, and it is very important that the student understands what it is, how it works, and why it is important.

Recidivism of Juvenile offenders

Facts and History of Turkey

Facts and History of Turkey At the crossroads between Europe and Asia, Turkey is a fascinating country. Dominated by Greeks, Persians, and Romans in turn throughout the classical era, what is now Turkey was once the seat of the Byzantine Empire. In the 11th century, however, Turkish nomads from Central Asia moved into the region, gradually conquering all of Asia Minor. First, the Seljuk and then the Ottoman Turkish Empires came to power, exerting influence over much of the eastern Mediterranean world, and bringing Islam to southeast Europe. After the Ottoman Empire fell in 1918, Turkey transformed itself into the vibrant, modernizing, secular state it is today. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Ankara, population 4.8 million Major Cities: Istanbul, 13.26 million Izmir, 3.9 million Bursa, 2.6 million Adana, 2.1 million Gaziantep, 1.7 million Government of Turkey The Republic of Turkey is a parliamentary democracy. All Turkish citizens over the age of 18 have the right to vote. The head of state is the president, currently Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan. The prime minister is head of government; Binali YÄ ±ldÄ ±rÄ ±mis the current prime minister. Since 2007, presidents of Turkey are directly elected, and the president appoints the prime minister. Turkey has a unicameral (one house) legislature, called the Grand National Assembly or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi, with 550 directly elected members. Parliament members serve four-year terms. The judicial branch of government in Turkey is rather complicated. It includes the Constitutional Court, the Yargitay or High Court of Appeals, the Council of State (Danistay), the Sayistay or Court of Accounts, and military courts. Although the overwhelming majority of Turkish citizens are Muslims, the Turkish state is staunchly secular. The non-religious nature of Turkish government has historically been enforced by the military since the Republic of Turkey was founded as a secular state in 1923 by General Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Turkeys Population As of 2011, Turkey has an estimated 78.8 million citizens. The majority of them are ethnically Turkish - 70 to 75% of the population. Kurds make up the largest minority group at 18%; they are concentrated primarily in the eastern portion of the country and have a long history of pressing for their own separate state. Neighboring Syria and Iraq also have large and restive Kurdish populations - the Kurdish nationalists of all three states have called for the creation of a new nation, Kurdistan, at the intersection of Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. Turkey also has smaller numbers of Greeks, Armenians, and other ethnic minorities. Relations with Greece have been uneasy, particularly over the issue of Cyprus, while Turkey and Armenia disagree vehemently over the Armenian Genocide carried out by Ottoman Turkey in 1915. Languages The official language of Turkey is Turkish, which is the most widely-spoken of the languages in the Turkic family, part of the larger Altaic linguistic group. It is related to Central Asian languages such as Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, etc. Turkish was written using the Arabic script until Ataturks reforms; as part of the secularizing process, he had a new alphabet created that uses the Latin letters with a few modifications. For example, a c with a small tail curving beneath it is pronounced like the English ch. Kurdish is the largest minority language in Turkey  and is spoken by about 18% of the population. Kurdish is an Indo-Iranian language, related to Farsi, Baluchi, Tajik, etc. It may be written in the Latin, Arabic or Cyrillic alphabets, depending upon where it is being used. Religion in Turkey: Turkey is approximately 99.8% Muslim. Most Turks and Kurds are Sunni, but there are also important Alevi and Shia groups. Turkish Islam has always been strongly influenced by the mystical and poetic Sufi tradition, and Turkey remains a stronghold of Sufism. It also hosts tiny minorities of Christians and Jews. Geography Turkey has a total area of 783,562 square kilometers (302,535 square miles). It straddles the Sea of Marmara, which divides southeastern Europe from southwestern Asia. Turkeys small European section, called Thrace, borders on Greece and Bulgaria. Its larger Asian portion, Anatolia, borders Syria, Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. The narrow Turkish Straits seaway between the two continents, including the Dardanelles and the Bosporus Strait, is one of the worlds key maritime passages; it is the only access-point between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. This fact gives Turkey enormous geopolitical importance. Anatolia is a fertile plateau in the west, gradually rising to rugged mountains in the east. Turkey is seismically active, prone to large earthquakes, and also has some very unusual landforms such as the cone-shaped hills of Cappadocia. Volcanic Mt. Ararat, near the Turkish border with Iran, is believed to be the landing-place of Noahs Ark. It is Turkeys highest point, at 5,166 meters (16,949 feet). Climate of Turkey Turkeys coasts have a mild Mediterranean climate, with warm, dry summers and rainy winters. The weather becomes more extreme in the eastern, mountainous region. Most regions of Turkey receive an average of 20-25 inches (508-645 mm) of rain per year. The hottest temperature ever recorded in Turkey is 119.8 ° F (48.8 ° C) at Cizre. The coldest temperature ever was -50  °F (-45.6 ° C) at Agri. Turkish Economy: Turkey is among the top twenty economies in the world, with a 2010 estimated GDP of $960.5 billion US and a healthy GDP growth rate of 8.2%. Although agriculture still accounts for 30% of jobs in Turkey, the economy relies on industrial and service sector output for its growth. For centuries a center of carpet-making and other textile trade, and a terminus of the ancient Silk Road, today Turkey manufactures automobiles, electronics and other high-tech goods for export. Turkey has oil and natural gas reserves. It is also a key distribution point for Middle Eastern and Central Asia oil and natural gas moving to Europe and to ports for export overseas. The per capita GDP is $12,300 US. Turkey has an unemployment rate of 12%, and more than 17% of Turkish citizens live below the poverty line. As of January  2012, the exchange rate for Turkeys currency is 1 US dollar 1.837 Turkish lira. History of Turkey Naturally, Anatolia had a history before the Turks, but the region did not become Turkey until the Seljuk Turks moved into the area in the 11th century CE. On August 26, 1071, the Seljuks under Alp Arslan prevailed at the Battle of Manzikert, defeating a coalition of Christian armies led by the Byzantine Empire. This sound defeat of the Byzantines marked the beginning of true Turkish control over Anatolia (that is, the Asian portion of modern-day Turkey). The Seljuks did not hold sway for very long, however. Within 150 years, a new power rose from far to their east  and swept toward Anatolia. Although Genghis Khan himself never got to Turkey, his Mongols did. On the 26th of June, 1243, a Mongol army commanded by Genghiss grandson Hulegu Khan defeated the Seljuks in the Battle of Kosedag  and brought down the Seljuk Empire. Hulegus Ilkhanate, one of the great hordes of the Mongol Empire, ruled over Turkey for about eighty years, before crumbling away around 1335 CE. The Byzantines once more asserted control over parts of Anatolia as the Mongol hold weakened, but small local Turkish principalities began to develop, as well. One of those small principalities in the northwestern part of Anatolia began to expand in the early 14th century. Based in the city of Bursa, the Ottoman beylik would go on to conquer not only Anatolia and Thrace (the European section of modern-day Turkey), but also the Balkans, the Middle East, and eventually parts of North Africa. In 1453, the Ottoman Empire dealt a death-blow to the Byzantine Empire when it captured the capital at Constantinople. The Ottoman Empire reached its apogee in the sixteenth century, under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent. He conquered much of Hungary in the north, and as far west as Algeria in northern Africa. Suleiman also enforced religious tolerance of Christians and Jews within his empire. During the eighteenth century, the Ottomans began to lose territory around the edges of the empire. With weak sultans on the throne  and corruption in the once-vaunted Janissary corps, Ottoman Turkey became known as the Sick Man of Europe. By 1913, Greece, the Balkans, Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia had all broken away from the Ottoman Empire. When World War I broke out along what had been the boundary between the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Turkey made the fatal decision to ally itself with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary). After the Central Powers lost World War I, the Ottoman empire ceased to exist. All of the non-ethnically Turkish lands became independent, and the victorious Allies planned to carve Anatolia itself into spheres of influence. However, a Turkish general named Mustafa Kemal was able to stoke Turkish nationalism  and expel the foreign occupation forces from Turkey proper. On November 1, 1922, the Ottoman sultanate was formally abolished. Almost a year later, on October 29, 1923, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed, with its capital at Ankara. Mustafa Kemal became the first president of the new secular republic. In 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the new United Nations. (It had remained neutral in World War II.) That year also marked the end of single-party rule in Turkey, which had lasted for twenty years. Now firmly aligned with the western powers, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, much to the consternation of the USSR. With the republics roots going back to secular military leaders such as Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the Turkish military views itself as the guarantor of secular democracy in Turkey. As such, it has staged coups in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997. As of this writing, Turkey is generally at peace, although the Kurdish separatist movement (the PKK) in the east has been actively trying to create a self-governing Kurdistan there since 1984.